{"id":8444,"date":"2025-10-16T13:26:09","date_gmt":"2025-10-16T13:26:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/challengeseconomiques.com\/?p=8444"},"modified":"2025-10-16T13:27:38","modified_gmt":"2025-10-16T13:27:38","slug":"senegal-la-necessite-dune-evaluation-plus-nuancee-des-risques-souverains","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/challengeseconomiques.com\/?p=8444","title":{"rendered":"S\u00e9n\u00e9gal : la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019une \u00e9valuation plus nuanc\u00e9e des risques souverains"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Par\u00a0:<\/strong> <strong>Dr Serigne Momar SECK <\/strong><strong>Economiste<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Le 10 octobre 2025, nous avons assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la d\u00e9gradation de la note du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal de <strong>B3 \u00e0 Caa1 par <\/strong>l\u2019Agence de notation Moody\u2019s<strong>.<\/strong> C&rsquo;est la troisi\u00e8me d\u00e9gradation de sa note souveraine, par cette m\u00eame agence, en moins d&rsquo;un an.\u00a0 Le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal n\u2019est pas seul dans ce contexte. D\u2019autres pays africains comme Madagascar, le Rwanda, l\u2019Ouganda, et la Tanzanie etc. sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme connaissant un risque r\u00e9el de crise. \u00a0Une d\u00e9cision justifi\u00e9e selon l\u2019Agence de notation Moody\u2019s par la situation \u00e9conomique pr\u00e9occupante du pays, avec un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire de 14% et un encours de dette publique repr\u00e9sentant 119% du PIB (Produit int\u00e9rieur brut).<\/p>\n<p>Le reproche que les autorit\u00e9s s\u00e9n\u00e9galaises font \u00e0 l\u2019agence de notation est que l\u2019\u00e9valuation ne refl\u00e8te ni la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 des fondamentaux \u00e9conomiques du pays, ni les mesures de politique publique\u00a0mises\u00a0en \u0153uvre pour consolider la stabilit\u00e9 budg\u00e9taire et renforcer la soutenabilit\u00e9 de la dette. Cet argument pourrait \u00eatre cr\u00e9dit\u00e9 dans la mesure o\u00f9, l\u2019histoire r\u00e9cente du monde de la finance a montr\u00e9 que certaines notations ne refl\u00e9taient pas toujours la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique de l\u2019entreprise ou du pays \u00e9valu\u00e9. Pour les entreprises, nous avons vu en d\u00e9cembre 2001, une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Enron en cat\u00e9gorie \u201cinvestissement\u201d la meilleure, faire faillite quatre jours plus tard. Le 14 septembre 2008, une banque d\u2019investissement multinationale Lehman Brothers, not\u00e9e <strong>\u00ab\u00a0A\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong> s\u2019effondre le lendemain de sa notation. On peut \u00e9galement se souvenir de Vivendi Universal qui fait faillite en mars 2003, deux semaines apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 estampill\u00e9 <strong>AAA<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Pour les pays, il y a le cas du Ghana qui a continu\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00eatre not\u00e9 <strong>B\/B<\/strong>&#8211; pendant des ann\u00e9es alors que sa dette s&rsquo;accumulait de mani\u00e8re insoutenable. Lorsqu&rsquo;il a finalement \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9trograd\u00e9 \u00e0 la <strong>CCC<\/strong> et a fait d\u00e9faut en 2022, cela a soulev\u00e9 la question de savoir si des notations plus r\u00e9alistes, \u00e9mises plus t\u00f4t auraient pu signaler des probl\u00e8mes ou permettre un redressement de trajectoire.\u00a0\u00c0 l&rsquo;inverse, le Nig\u00e9ria a parfois obtenu une note similaire \u00e0 celle des pays comparables malgr\u00e9 une dette ext\u00e9rieure beaucoup plus faible, peut-\u00eatre en raison de facteurs qualitatifs tels que des probl\u00e8mes de gouvernance. D\u2019autres erreurs commises par les agences de notation dans leur \u00e9valuation des pays africains peuvent \u00e9galement \u00eatre soulign\u00e9es comme l\u2019erreur commise par l\u2019Agence de notation \u201cFitch\u201d en Tunisie en 2022 en publiant sa\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fitchratings.com\/research\/sovereigns\/fitch-upgrades-tunisia-issue-ratings-to-ccc-corrects-error-29-03-2023?fbclid=IwAR1c5GOOXl38Fo9pg7nK3VchhWvysjpfg0IHqBL2Wr9eLbR4VKnpKSyqORE\">notation <\/a>en dehors du calendrier pr\u00e9vu, sans tenir compte de toutes les informations disponibles et pertinentes.\u00a0Trois mois plus tard, \u00a0Fitch <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fitchratings.com\/regulatory\/rating-corrections\">a corrig\u00e9 cette erreur <\/a>, mais uniquement pour se conformer \u00e0 l&rsquo;exigence r\u00e9glementaire de\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.esma.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/library\/esma33-5-87_questions_and_answers_on_the_implementation_of_the_regulation_eu_no_463_2013_on_credit_rating_agencies.pdf\">l&rsquo;Autorit\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne des march\u00e9s financiers<\/a>, qui impose aux agences de notation de ne pas s&rsquo;\u00e9carter du calendrier de publication des notations souveraines. Cette erreur aurait pu \u00eatre \u00e9vit\u00e9e si Fitch avait eu une pr\u00e9sence locale dans le pays. De novembre 2022 \u00e0 ao\u00fbt 2023, Moody\u2019s a not\u00e9 le Cameroun sur la base des informations non v\u00e9rifi\u00e9es concernant des retards de paiement du service de la dette ext\u00e9rieure entre janvier et novembre 2022. Un an apr\u00e8s, les\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.moodys.com\/research\/Moodys-downgrades-Cameroons-rating-to-Caa1-from-B2-maintains-stable-Rating-Action--PR_478787?cy=aus&amp;lang=fr\">rapports<\/a>\u00a0sur les retards de paiement du service de la dette du Cameroun, sugg\u00e8rent que l\u2019agence ne disposait pas d&rsquo;informations officielles opportunes et factuelles.<\/p>\n<p>Pour le cas du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, nous retenons un d\u00e9faut de coordination au niveau de la communication. Les nouvelles autorit\u00e9s ont voulu jouer la transparence sur une \u00ab\u00a0<em>dette cach\u00e9e<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb de pr\u00e8s de 7 milliards de dollars<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>, imputable au pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent gouvernement. Mais malheureusement, cela s\u2019est transform\u00e9 en effet\u00a0pervers parce que les march\u00e9s financiers ne retiennent que l\u2019instantan\u00e9. Cette situation a entrain\u00e9 la suspension du programme de pr\u00eat d\u20191,8 milliard de dollars valid\u00e9 en 2023 et a pouss\u00e9 les autorit\u00e9s \u00e0 se tourner d\u2019abord vers le march\u00e9 financier r\u00e9gional et ensuite vers la diaspora bond en raison de difficult\u00e9s \u00e0 acc\u00e9der \u00e0 des financements internationaux. La m\u00eame chose \u00e9tait arriv\u00e9e au Mozambique en 2016 lorsqu\u2019une dette cach\u00e9e de 2 milliards de dollars avait \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte.<\/p>\n<p>Le nouveau gouvernement est en train de s\u2019organiser au niveau le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 pour r\u00e9tablir la confiance des partenaires internationaux, en mettant l\u2019accent sur la transparence, la responsabilit\u00e9 budg\u00e9taire et la relance des secteurs cl\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00e9conomie. Les pourparlers avec le Fmi ont repris en vue d\u2019un nouvel accord financier et les nouvelles sont encourageantes pour les investisseurs.<\/p>\n<p>En d\u00e9finitive, la r\u00e9cente d\u00e9gradation de la note souveraine du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal par Moody\u2019s met en lumi\u00e8re l\u2019importance d\u2019une \u00e9valuation rigoureuse et \u00e9quilibr\u00e9e de la situation macro\u00e9conomique nationale. Si les d\u00e9fis \u00e9conomiques et budg\u00e9taires du pays sont r\u00e9els, il convient que les analyses des agences de notation prennent \u00e9galement en compte les fondamentaux structurels solides et les r\u00e9formes en cours, susceptibles de soutenir la r\u00e9silience et la croissance \u00e0 moyen terme.<\/p>\n<p>Dans cette perspective, le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal gagnerait \u00e0 renforcer son dispositif de suivi macro\u00e9conomique et sa strat\u00e9gie de communication financi\u00e8re avec les agences de notation, en vue d\u2019une meilleure prise en compte des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s locales et r\u00e9gionales dans les \u00e9valuations souveraines.<\/p>\n<p>Enfin, cette exp\u00e9rience souligne plus largement la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9, pour les pays africains, de d\u00e9velopper des m\u00e9canismes r\u00e9gionaux de notation et d\u2019analyse du risque, afin de compl\u00e9ter les appr\u00e9ciations des agences internationales et de promouvoir une lecture plus contextualis\u00e9e du risque de cr\u00e9dit sur le continent.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Le\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/institutions\/fmi\/\">FMI<\/a>\u00a0a confirm\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0des d\u00e9clarations erron\u00e9es significatives des d\u00e9ficits budg\u00e9taires et de la dette publique sur la p\u00e9riode 2019\u20132023\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-8445\" src=\"https:\/\/challengeseconomiques.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/SMSECONOMISTE-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/challengeseconomiques.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/SMSECONOMISTE-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/challengeseconomiques.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/SMSECONOMISTE-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/challengeseconomiques.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/SMSECONOMISTE-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/challengeseconomiques.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/SMSECONOMISTE-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/challengeseconomiques.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/SMSECONOMISTE.jpg 810w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Par\u00a0: Dr Serigne Momar SECK Economiste Le 10 octobre 2025, nous avons assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la d\u00e9gradation de la note du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal de B3 \u00e0 Caa1&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2886,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8444","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-contribution","wpcat-16-id"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - 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