{"id":8313,"date":"2025-07-28T12:56:07","date_gmt":"2025-07-28T12:56:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/challengeseconomiques.com\/?p=8313"},"modified":"2025-07-28T12:59:00","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T12:59:00","slug":"franc-cfa-entre-fantasme-geopolitique-et-realite-economique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/challengeseconomiques.com\/?p=8313","title":{"rendered":"FRANC CFA : Entre fantasme g\u00e9opolitique et r\u00e9alit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique \u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"
La question du franc CFA continue de susciter de vifs d\u00e9bats en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest, entre revendications de souverainet\u00e9, appels \u00e0 la r\u00e9forme et accusations d\u2019ing\u00e9rence \u00e9trang\u00e8re. Mais au-del\u00e0 des discours \u00e9motionnels et des postures id\u00e9ologiques, il convient de s\u2019en tenir aux faits. Ce texte entend apporter un \u00e9clairage rigoureux sur les r\u00e9alit\u00e9s institutionnelles, \u00e9conomiques et g\u00e9opolitiques li\u00e9es \u00e0 cette monnaie commune utilis\u00e9e par huit pays de l\u2019UEMOA.\u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n
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La BCEAO : une gouvernance africaine, souveraine et r\u00e9form\u00e9e
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Depuis 1973, la politique mon\u00e9taire de l\u2019UEMOA n\u2019est plus d\u00e9cid\u00e9e \u00e0 Paris. C\u2019est cette ann\u00e9e-l\u00e0 que la BCEAO a \u00e9t\u00e9 pleinement africanis\u00e9e, que son si\u00e8ge a \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9 de Paris \u00e0 Dakar, et que le premier gouverneur africain, Abdoulaye Fadiga, a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9. Ce tournant historique a marqu\u00e9 la fin de la tutelle directe et le d\u00e9but d\u2019une gouvernance r\u00e9gionale assum\u00e9e par les \u00c9tats membres. Il est d\u2019ailleurs symbolique que l\u2019avenue abritant aujourd\u2019hui le si\u00e8ge de la BCEAO \u00e0 Dakar porte son nom.<\/div>\n
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La r\u00e9forme de d\u00e9cembre 2019 a parachev\u00e9 cette \u00e9volution :<\/div>\n
– La France ne participe plus \u00e0 la gouvernance mon\u00e9taire de l\u2019UEMOA : elle ne si\u00e8ge ni au Comit\u00e9 de politique mon\u00e9taire, ni au Conseil d\u2019administration de la BCEAO ;<\/div>\n
– Les r\u00e9serves de change ne sont plus centralis\u00e9es \u00e0 Paris, mais sont int\u00e9gralement g\u00e9r\u00e9es par la BCEAO au sein de l\u2019espace UEMOA.<\/div>\n
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Il est \u00e9galement essentiel de dissiper une confusion fr\u00e9quente : la souverainet\u00e9 mon\u00e9taire n\u2019est pas synonyme de fabrication locale des billets. Elle signifie d\u2019abord le pouvoir exclusif d\u2019\u00e9mettre la monnaie, de conduire la politique mon\u00e9taire et de r\u00e9guler le syst\u00e8me financier. Le lieu d\u2019impression des billets est une question logistique, non politique.<\/div>\n
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\u00c0 cet \u00e9gard, plusieurs pays africains souverains qui ne font pas partie de l\u2019UEMOA (la Gambie, la Guin\u00e9e et la Mauritanie) disposent de leur propre monnaie nationale, mais font imprimer leurs billets en Angleterre ou en Allemagne, via des prestataires priv\u00e9s sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s. Cela ne remet nullement en cause leur souverainet\u00e9. Il en est de m\u00eame pour les pays de l\u2019UEMOA qui confient \u00e0 des imprimeurs \u00e9trangers la fabrication des billets du franc CFA. La souverainet\u00e9 r\u00e9side dans la d\u00e9cision, non dans l\u2019atelier.<\/div>\n
L\u2019\u00e9pisode de 2011 en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, souvent invoqu\u00e9 comme une preuve d\u2019ing\u00e9rence mon\u00e9taire, fut avant tout une crise politique grave. La BCEAO a agi en coordination avec les chefs d\u2019\u00c9tat de l\u2019UEMOA et les institutions africaines face \u00e0 une contestation \u00e9lectorale violente. Ce pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent ne saurait \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 pour affirmer une d\u00e9pendance structurelle des \u00c9tats membres \u00e0 des d\u00e9cisions arbitraires.<\/div>\n
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\u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n
La BCEAO soutient activement les \u00e9conomies de l\u2019UEMOA
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Contrairement aux affirmations souvent relay\u00e9es, la BCEAO finance effectivement l\u2019\u00e9conomie r\u00e9gionale. En mai 2025, elle a refinanc\u00e9 les banques commerciales \u00e0 hauteur de pr\u00e8s de 8\u202f000 milliards FCFA. En cr\u00e9ant des conditions mon\u00e9taires stables et pr\u00e9visibles, elle permet aux banques de jouer leur r\u00f4le de financement des entreprises et des m\u00e9nages. Ce mod\u00e8le est conforme \u00e0 celui de toute banque centrale moderne : elle ne distribue pas directement de la monnaie aux \u00c9tats, mais veille \u00e0 pr\u00e9server la stabilit\u00e9 et la confiance.<\/div>\n
Les exemples du Nigeria et du Ghana, deux pays dot\u00e9s de leur propre monnaie et d\u2019une banque centrale souveraine, sont \u00e9clairants. Malgr\u00e9 cette souverainet\u00e9 formelle, ces deux pays ont \u00e9t\u00e9 confront\u00e9s \u00e0 des \u00e9pisodes d\u2019instabilit\u00e9 mon\u00e9taire, de forte inflation et de d\u00e9pr\u00e9ciation de leur monnaie, justement parce que leur politique mon\u00e9taire a manqu\u00e9 de discipline.<\/div>\n
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Cela prouve que la souverainet\u00e9 mon\u00e9taire, mal g\u00e9r\u00e9e, peut se retourner contre l\u2019\u00e9conomie nationale. Il ne suffit pas d\u2019avoir sa propre monnaie pour \u00e9chapper aux r\u00e8gles macro\u00e9conomiques de rigueur, de transparence et de cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9.<\/div>\n
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\u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n
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AES et UEMOA : une contradiction strat\u00e9gique
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Il n\u2019est pas coh\u00e9rent qu\u2019un pays membre de l\u2019Alliance des \u00c9tats du Sahel (AES), qui affiche son intention de quitter l\u2019UEMOA et le franc CFA, pr\u00e9tende en m\u00eame temps en assurer la pr\u00e9sidence. On ne peut vouloir gouverner une organisation qu\u2019on pr\u00e9voit de quitter. Et d\u2019ailleurs, personne ne les y retient. Ces \u00c9tats peuvent sortir du CFA, comme ils ont demand\u00e9 le d\u00e9part des bases militaires fran\u00e7aises. Ils ont eu le temps de le faire depuis plusieurs ann\u00e9es.<\/div>\n
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Le fait qu\u2019ils ne l\u2019aient pas fait t\u00e9moigne de deux choses :<\/div>\n
– soit ils ne sont pas pr\u00eats, techniquement et institutionnellement ;<\/div>\n
– soit le co\u00fbt de la rupture leur semble plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 que les avantages annonc\u00e9s.<\/div>\n
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Dans tous les cas, les discours anti-CFA rel\u00e8vent souvent d\u2019une rh\u00e9torique populiste, qui \u00e9vite d\u2019affronter les contraintes concr\u00e8tes.<\/div>\n
Ce qui est regrettable, c\u2019est que ces tensions surgissent au moment m\u00eame o\u00f9 l\u2019Afrique fait le choix strat\u00e9gique de l\u2019int\u00e9gration. Le projet de la monnaie unique ECO port\u00e9 par la CEDEAO, inscrit dans l\u2019Agenda 2063 de l\u2019Union Africaine, vise \u00e0 construire une souverainet\u00e9 mon\u00e9taire partag\u00e9e, b\u00e2tie sur la coordination et la convergence des politiques \u00e9conomiques.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Casser l\u2019UEMOA aujourd\u2019hui serait une erreur historique. Il faut au contraire la consolider, la rendre plus inclusive, et la pr\u00e9parer \u00e0 devenir le socle de l\u2019ECO. C\u2019est par la coop\u00e9ration, la r\u00e9forme et l\u2019approfondissement institutionnel que nous avancerons.<\/div>\n
La souverainet\u00e9 ne se d\u00e9cr\u00e8te pas, elle se construit avec m\u00e9thode, responsabilit\u00e9 et lucidit\u00e9. Et elle n\u2019est pas un repli sur soi, ni un rejet des cadres communautaires, mais une capacit\u00e9 collective \u00e0 ma\u00eetriser nos instruments \u00e9conomiques. Le chemin de l\u2019Afrique doit \u00eatre celui de l\u2019int\u00e9gration mon\u00e9taire r\u00e9gionale, non celui de la fragmentation.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
C\u2019est dans la stabilit\u00e9, la discipline macro\u00e9conomique, et la solidarit\u00e9 r\u00e9gionale que se trouve l\u2019avenir mon\u00e9taire de notre continent.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Pr Amath NDIAYE<\/strong><\/div>\n
FASEG, UCAD<\/strong><\/div>\n
Expert-membre du Comit\u00e9 de pilotage de la Commission de l\u2019Union Africaine pour la Cr\u00e9ation de la Monnaie Unique Africaine- Abuja 20210- 2012<\/strong><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La question du franc CFA continue de susciter de vifs d\u00e9bats en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest, entre revendications de souverainet\u00e9, appels \u00e0 la r\u00e9forme et accusations…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8314,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8313","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analyse","wpcat-15-id"],"yoast_head":"\nFRANC CFA : Entre fantasme g\u00e9opolitique et r\u00e9alit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique \u00a0 - challenges economiques<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/challengeseconomiques.com\/?p=8313\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"FRANC CFA : Entre fantasme g\u00e9opolitique et r\u00e9alit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique \u00a0 - 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