{"id":3824,"date":"2022-08-19T12:03:03","date_gmt":"2022-08-19T12:03:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/challengeseconomiques.com\/?p=3824"},"modified":"2022-08-19T12:03:35","modified_gmt":"2022-08-19T12:03:35","slug":"libre-echange-entre-reve-et-realite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/challengeseconomiques.com\/?p=3824","title":{"rendered":"Libre-\u00e9change, entre r\u00eave et r\u00e9alit\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"

Par Mushtak Parker<\/strong><\/p>\n

La conviction des dirigeants africains est que l\u2019Afrique se d\u00e9veloppera plus rapidement si ses pays sont int\u00e9gr\u00e9s \u00e9conomiquement, notamment au travers de la Zone de libre-\u00e9change. Or, une politique des petits pas s\u2019impose en la mati\u00e8re, sous peine de d\u00e9sillusions.  <\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Le 21e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle est souvent d\u00e9crit comme \u00ab le si\u00e8cle de l\u2019Afrique<\/em> \u00bb. C\u2019est avec cette vision optimiste \u00e0 l\u2019esprit que l\u2019UA a d\u00e9sign\u00e9 le 7 juillet de chaque ann\u00e9e comme Journ\u00e9e de l\u2019int\u00e9gration africaine (JIA), afin d\u2019\u00e9valuer les progr\u00e8s accomplis par le continent pour atteindre les objectifs de l\u2019Agenda 2063 et r\u00e9aliser l\u2019\u00ab Afrique que nous voulons<\/em> \u00bb.<\/p>\n

Cette initiative repose sur la conviction que plus les 55 pays d\u2019Afrique seront int\u00e9gr\u00e9s, \u00e9conomiquement, culturellement, politiquement et spirituellement, plus le continent aura de chances de r\u00e9aliser son potentiel. Dans le sillage de la pand\u00e9mie actuelle, des retomb\u00e9es du conflit ukrainien et du choc mondial qui en d\u00e9coule, la JIA a rev\u00eatu cette ann\u00e9e une urgence suppl\u00e9mentaire.<\/p>\n

Dans un contexte particulier en raison des crises, la troisi\u00e8me \u00e9dition de l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement, \u00e0 Lusaka (Zambie) s\u2019est termin\u00e9e par un \u00ab Boma \u00bb (mot swahili d\u00e9signant une enceinte protectrice), au cours duquel des personnalit\u00e9s du monde entier ont r\u00e9fl\u00e9chi aux promesses et aux dangers de l\u2019int\u00e9gration.<\/p>\n

Bien qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse sans aucun doute d\u2019un \u00e9v\u00e9nement de premier plan \u00e0 ajouter au calendrier africain et d\u2019une sc\u00e8ne sur laquelle divers acteurs peuvent prononcer des discours enthousiastes et stimulants, on peut se demander, une fois la rh\u00e9torique et les platitudes retir\u00e9es, dans quelle mesure l\u2019agenda de l\u2019Afrique 2063 \u00ab L\u2019Afrique que nous voulons<\/em> \u00bb est r\u00e9aliste. Toute la superstructure a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite sur le potentiel de la ZLECAf \u00e0 agir comme une sorte de march\u00e9 commun africain ou, mieux encore, \u00e0 fonctionner selon les modalit\u00e9s de l\u2019UE, avec une circulation sans faille des biens, des personnes et des id\u00e9es, stimulant une plus grande productivit\u00e9 et g\u00e9n\u00e9rant de vastes quantit\u00e9s de commerce.<\/p>\n

C\u2019est un r\u00eave et un r\u00eave agr\u00e9able, mais la r\u00e9alit\u00e9, malheureusement, est bien diff\u00e9rente. Dans ses premiers jours, la ZLECAf est d\u00e9j\u00e0 min\u00e9e par des int\u00e9r\u00eats bien ancr\u00e9s, un manque de volont\u00e9 politique et un manque g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de respect des r\u00e8gles.<\/p>\n

Une vision trop optimiste<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les propres statistiques de l\u2019UA incitent \u00e0 la r\u00e9flexion. Son deuxi\u00e8me rapport continental sur la mise en \u0153uvre de l\u2019Agenda 2063 d\u00e9plore que l\u2019Afrique ait r\u00e9alis\u00e9 des progr\u00e8s mod\u00e9r\u00e9s vers \u00ab une Afrique prosp\u00e8re fond\u00e9e sur une croissance inclusive et un d\u00e9veloppement durable \u00bb, en raison d\u2019une baisse du PIB par habitant de 3 170 dollars en 2019 \u00e0 2 910 dollars en 2021 et de taux de ch\u00f4mage \u00e9lev\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

Certes, les chiffres relev\u00e9s sur une p\u00e9riode limit\u00e9e dans le contexte particulier de la pand\u00e9mie ne devraient pas servir de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour mesurer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 de la pouss\u00e9e vers une plus grande int\u00e9gration \u00e9conomique, mais ils sugg\u00e8rent peut-\u00eatre qu\u2019il serait plus sage de temp\u00e9rer un peu nos attentes. Il n\u2019est pas r\u00e9aliste d\u2019atteindre le type de param\u00e8tres de d\u00e9veloppement mondial souhait\u00e9 en seulement 40 ans, comme l\u2019ambitionne l\u2019UA, tout comme sa vision irr\u00e9aliste et trop optimiste des gains potentiels imm\u00e9diats de la ZLECAf.<\/p>\n

Il serait peut-\u00eatre pr\u00e9f\u00e9rable de mod\u00e9rer l\u2019hyperbole sur cette Zone de libre-\u00e9change plut\u00f4t que d\u2019en augmenter le volume. Une r\u00e9cente enqu\u00eate commerciale men\u00e9e par le Comit\u00e9 panafricain du secteur priv\u00e9 pour le commerce et l\u2019investissement (PAFTRAC) aupr\u00e8s de PDG africains a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que la majorit\u00e9 d\u2019entre eux estimaient que \u00ab la mise en \u0153uvre de la ZLECAf sera un long processus qui se fera par des milliers de petites \u00e9tapes<\/em>. La r\u00e9alisation des changements l\u00e9gislatifs et r\u00e9glementaires requis d\u00e9pend de la volont\u00e9 politique des gouvernements d\u2019en faire une r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/em>. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Il s\u2019agit l\u00e0 d\u2019une vision beaucoup plus r\u00e9aliste et il n\u2019est pas surprenant qu\u2019elle \u00e9mane de PDG, endurcis et lucides par leurs batailles quotidiennes dans le monde impitoyable du commerce. Outre la multitude de probl\u00e8mes pratiques que pose la mise en \u0153uvre, ou la tentative de mise en \u0153uvre, des param\u00e8tres du march\u00e9 commun, il existe \u00e9galement des probl\u00e8mes structurels et macro\u00e9conomiques pr\u00e9occupants.<\/p>\n

Selon Bloomberg<\/em>, sur les 25 pays pr\u00e9sentant le plus grand risque de d\u00e9faillance de la dette souveraine en 2022, treize sont issus du continent ; ils comprennent l\u2019\u00c9gypte, l\u2019Afrique du Sud et le Nigeria, les trois plus grandes \u00e9conomies d\u2019Afrique. L\u2019int\u00e9gration est une noble aspiration, mais elle doit \u00eatre fond\u00e9e sur un r\u00e9alisme socio-\u00e9conomique. La qu\u00eate de l\u2019Afrique pour devenir une force \u00e9conomique mondiale ne peut se faire, au mieux, que par des mesures modestes mais s\u00fbres.<\/p>\n

Le Magazine de l’Afrique<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Par Mushtak Parker La conviction des dirigeants africains est que l\u2019Afrique se d\u00e9veloppera plus rapidement si ses pays sont int\u00e9gr\u00e9s \u00e9conomiquement, notamment au travers de…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3825,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23,16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3824","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-a-la-une","category-contribution","wpcat-23-id","wpcat-16-id"],"yoast_head":"\nLibre-\u00e9change, entre r\u00eave et r\u00e9alit\u00e9 - challenges economiques<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/challengeseconomiques.com\/?p=3824\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Libre-\u00e9change, entre r\u00eave et r\u00e9alit\u00e9 - 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