{"id":1096,"date":"2021-05-10T12:18:49","date_gmt":"2021-05-10T12:18:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/challengeseconomiques.com\/?p=1096"},"modified":"2021-05-18T11:22:08","modified_gmt":"2021-05-18T11:22:08","slug":"lafrique-a-t-elle-atteint-lautosuffisance-alimentaire","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/challengeseconomiques.com\/?p=1096","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019Afrique a-t-elle atteint l\u2019autosuffisance alimentaire ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h6><strong>Lu pour vous dans \u00ab&nbsp;L\u2019Afrique 2,5 milliards de voisins en 100 questions&nbsp;\u00bb<\/strong><\/h6>\n<p>Non, et elle n\u2019est pas pr\u00e8s d\u2019y parvenir. L\u2019inad\u00e9quation peut \u00eatre r\u00e9sum\u00e9e ainsi : l\u2019Afrique repr\u00e9sente pr\u00e8s de 16 % de la population mondiale, dispose de 24 % des terres arables sur la plan\u00e8te, voire d\u2019environ 60 % des terres cultivables pas encore mises en exploitation, mais ne g\u00e9n\u00e8re que 9 % des produits agricoles. Ce sont l\u00e0 les chiffres pour 2019 quand, faute de pouvoir se nourrir elle-m\u00eame, l\u2019Afrique importait des vivres pour 35 milliards de dollars dont 11 milliards rien que pour du riz. \u00c0 moins d\u2019une r\u00e9volution verte dans les cinq ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir, compte tenu de la croissance continue de la population africaine, la facture alimentaire devrait s\u2019\u00e9lever \u00e0 110 milliards de dollars en 2025. Autant de fonds qui seront indisponibles pour am\u00e9liorer l\u2019\u00e9ducation ou la sant\u00e9, investir dans les infrastructures ou importer des machines-outils pour cr\u00e9er des emplois r\u00e9mun\u00e9rateurs. Au cours de la d\u00e9cennie 2020, quelque 200 millions d\u2019habitants devraient s\u2019ajouter \u00e0 la population au sud du Sahara. Cela pourrait \u00eatre une bonne nouvelle sur un sous-continent dont le sol est d\u2019une qualit\u00e9 comparable \u00e0 celle de l\u2019Inde, autosuffisante sur le plan alimentaire depuis les ann\u00e9es 1970.Mais, dans l\u2019Afrique subsaharienne telle qu\u2019elle est, 200 millions d\u2019habitants de plus posent probl\u00e8me. D\u00e9j\u00e0, hors crises de famine, une personne sur quatre<\/p>\n<p>y souffre de malnutrition chronique et, cons\u00e9quence des carences qu\u2019ils subissent, 30 % des enfants de moins de 5 ans accusent des retards de croissance, selon un rapport des Nations unies publi\u00e9 en f\u00e9vrier 20191. Or, une r\u00e9volution verte n\u2019est pas en vue. 96 % des paysans subsahariens cultivent des lopins de moins de 5 hectares, souvent dans l\u2019ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re en l\u2019absence de titres de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 incontest\u00e9s. Ils produisent moins d\u2019une tonne de c\u00e9r\u00e9ales \u00e0 l\u2019hectare, contre 9 en France, et moins d\u2019un demi-litre de lait par jour et par vache, contre 25 litres dans l\u2019Hexagone o\u00f9, sur1 000 exploitants, plus de 900 disposent d\u2019un tracteur, contre 2 au sud du Sahara. Entre les tropiques du Cancer et du Capricorne, seules 5 % des terres arables sont irrigu\u00e9es, contre 58 % en Inde. La situation est particuli\u00e8rement pr\u00e9caire dans le Sahel, la large bande de terre aride au sud du Sahara qui s\u2019\u00e9tend de la Mauritanie jusqu\u2019au Soudan. Dans cette r\u00e9gion, un quart du continent, le stress \u00e9cologique est maximal du fait d\u2019une conjugaison de plusieurs facteurs : une pression d\u00e9mographique exceptionnelle, avec les taux de fertilit\u00e9 les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s au monde, l\u2019\u00e9puisement des sols, la d\u00e9forestation, l\u2019avanc\u00e9e du d\u00e9sert et le r\u00e9chauffement climatique. L\u2019Organisation des Nations unies pour l\u2019alimentation et l\u2019agriculture (FAO) estime que 80 % des terres sah\u00e9liennes sont d\u00e9grad\u00e9es. La pluviom\u00e9trie erratique fait l\u2019objet d\u2019interpr\u00e9tations contradictoires mais la plupart des experts s\u2019accordent \u00e0 pr\u00e9dire une hausse de la temp\u00e9rature moyenne dans le Sahel de 3 \u00e0 5 \u00b0C d\u2019ici \u00e0 2050. Ce qui menace l\u2019agriculture pluviale de subsistance qui y fait vivre la grande majorit\u00e9 de la population. \u00ab L\u2019urbanisation acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e constitue plus le sympt\u00f4me des difficult\u00e9s agricoles que la cons\u00e9quence de la modernisation agraire \u00bb, rel\u00e8ve SylvieBrunel2. Elle ajoute qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019horizon de 2030, un demi-milliard d\u2019Africains de plus aura quitt\u00e9 les campagnes \u00ab pour rejoindre les villes, ou, plut\u00f4t, les bidonvilles \u00bb. Qui va les nourrir ? Toute autre consid\u00e9ration mise \u00e0 part, la charit\u00e9 internationale serait un pari risqu\u00e9 dans un monde o\u00f9 les besoins alimentaires devraient augmenter de 70 % d\u2019ici \u00e0 2050, quand la Terre comptera 9 milliards d\u2019habitants. \u00c0 cette \u00e9ch\u00e9ance, l\u2019Afrique devrait avoir quintupl\u00e9 sa production agricole pour assurer sa s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire. \u00c0 d\u00e9faut, elle sera oblig\u00e9e d\u2019importer de la nourriture au prix fort. Or, par exemple, le Nigeria \u2013 en 1960, \u00e0 son ind\u00e9pendance, le premier producteur agricole au sud du Sahara \u2013 d\u00e9pense d\u00e9j\u00e0, bon an mal an, entre un cinqui\u00e8me et un quart de ses revenus p\u00e9troliers pour importer les vivres qu\u2019il ne produit plus. \u00ab Soil not o\u00efl \u00bb, \u00ab la terre plut\u00f4t que le sous-sol \u00bb, aurait d\u00fb \u00eatre le mot d\u2019ordre au Nigeria et ailleurs, estime Dayo Olopade, l\u2019auteure nig\u00e9riane-am\u00e9ricaine d\u2019une plaidoirie d\u00e9capante pour un \u00ab changement de paradigmes \u00bben Afrique.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lu pour vous dans \u00ab&nbsp;L\u2019Afrique 2,5 milliards de voisins en 100 questions&nbsp;\u00bb Non, et elle n\u2019est pas pr\u00e8s d\u2019y parvenir. L\u2019inad\u00e9quation peut \u00eatre r\u00e9sum\u00e9e ainsi&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1097,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1096","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-contribution","wpcat-16-id"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>L\u2019Afrique a-t-elle atteint l\u2019autosuffisance alimentaire ? - challenges economiques<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"lafrique-a-t-elle-atteint-lautosuffisance-alimentaire\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/challengeseconomiques.com\/?p=1096\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L\u2019Afrique a-t-elle atteint l\u2019autosuffisance alimentaire ? 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